You might want to check out "Guns, Germs and Steel" by Jared Diamond. It may address the issues you're after - why was Europe ascendant? It uses geography, climate, biodiversity, and other factors. I haven't finished it - I'm still in Chapter 2 - but it's a good read and the facts presented hold together so far.
Edit: misspelled "ascendant". The Law of Conservation of Errors receives yet another evidentiary boost.
Edit: misspelled "ascendant". The Law of Conservation of Errors receives yet another evidentiary boost.